Reproduction of an article in Big Smoke published on 25 November 2017

BS: How did abstract art come about? What is its appeal?

Modern Art in Western culture (approximately 1860s-1970s), developed from the work and ideas of the Impressionists and from early abstract movements evident in the work of artists like Paul Cezanne, Vincent Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Robert Delaunay, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian and Henri Matisse. The huge category of Abstract Art sits under the umbrella of Modern Art and has been a key artistic movement of the twentieth century. Today it’s still an influential force as new interpretations are presented in post-modern art.

Abstract Art seems to fall into at least several different genres.

Abstract Expressionism, with vanguard artists like Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell, Hans Hoffman, Joan Mitchell and Helen Frankenthaler, is characterised by the predominance of organic forms of expression. Geometric and Lyrical Abstract Art, encapsulating total non-objectivity, are often simplified, as the work of Sol LeWitt and Clyfford Still shows. Colour Field (Mark Rothko) and action paintings are part of Abstract Art. Even representational work today is often abstracted in some way, with truly representational art being somewhat rare. More recent abstract expressionist artists doing great things include Cy Twombly, Sean Scully, Anselm Kiefer and Gerhard Richter.

It’s kind of nice to think about Abstract Art in the context of how and why it developed. In 1905 Einstein published a paper on Brownian Motion, which identified atoms and molecules and states of constant agitation. This was met with great excitement by the artistic community. Agitated strokes were suddenly no longer controlled by forms! Prior to this, Gustav Eiffel’s Tower suddenly allowed the masses to look down on a landscape from far above – a whole new perspective. As well, great advances in astronomy affected the way we looked at things. Think Vincent’s galaxies: The Starry Night. Trains took the masses far distances at great speeds; this blurred the countryside inspiring the Futurists. The camera was invented and could reproduce or represent what the artist had traditionally tried to do. Industrialisation and the rise of the middle classes meant vast new art markets with increased purchasing powers.

Now, add to all this the chaos, depersonalisation, the anarchy, futility and destruction of two World Wars, the Spanish Civil War, the Great Depression, the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb and, suddenly, the human condition becomes very important. The tone was melancholy. Times were hard; then in the late 1940s, French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre’s influential book Existentialism and Humanism (1946) was published in English.

The setting had been created for individual action, to act by instinct and with personal responsibility and freedom. Think of those times! What a great recipe for “art” as an individual expression of the human condition.

Modern Art - and thus Abstract Art - is not traditional painting. “ … Colours, shapes, painting strokes, composition, line, texture, patterns can be enjoyed independently from their representational function,” said Terence Maloon (King Street Gallery, Sydney) in the 2017 Elizabeth Cummings Exhibition Catalogue. This is a great way to think about Abstract Art.

Throw into this mix the thoughts of Matisse. Jack D. Flam (Matisse on Art (1995)), cites the artist: “... it is not that you have only to copy it … painters with nothing to say copy quite stupidly; they are boring and useless.” Strong words from the great master making the case for Abstract Expressionism.

Matisse also commented, “Intellect and imagination take over from reproducing camera-like images of what they see … Painting and drawing [should be guided by] the profound feelings of the artist before the objects he [or she (my words)] has chosen.” And “The painter arrives at signs for objects”. Wow! I bet this questions your thoughts on what constitutes a good drawing.

Abstract Expressionism dispenses with many of the traditionally sanctioned aspects of painting – like the scientific view of perspective, the single fixed point of view, the vanishing point of diminishing sizes, painting only in the studio, and the realistic representation of the perceived reality of man and nature. Abstract art lets your imagination run free. It opens up a whole range of possibilities!

TBS: How should viewers look at an abstracted painting?

First, do you like it? Do you like to look at it? If so, then think about what the artist may be trying to say with this painting or what you think this painting is telling you. Then look at whether the artist has achieved a situation of harmony in the painting, so look at colour, composition and balance. Is the painting static or dynamic? Is there movement or tension? Is it a calm painting?

Are there open planes of colour with line to give some kind of form? Is there light or dark or is there an arbitrary open colour pattern? Look at the volumes and also the negative spaces. Do they seem to balance?

Is there brilliance? Colour intensity? How has this been achieved? Has the artist contrasted cool colours beside warm colours? Consider colours or lack of colours.

If there are lines or forms, are they soft or sharp, thin or thick, curved or straight? Or better still, is there a combination of all of these things? Look at the patterns of strokes. Do they vary?

So many of these criteria for assessing an abstract painting overlap with assessment criteria for a realistic/representational painting. You see, talent does come into it. Let me tell you, painting abstractly is rewarding work by its very process, but it’s also very hard work. There is absolutely nothing easy about pulling an abstract painting that works!

Let’s look at this landscape and apply the criteria.

‘Imagining Landscape 1’

First, the image is evocative of a landscape and even though just about every feature has been imagined there are plenty of hooks to real representation. Pure abstract, non-objective painting is hard!

We’re invited into the image by the fish-like or fluvially eroded rocks in the lower left; then the oblique figures take the eye up to the yellow light patches, across to the top of the right hand side and out. Cloud-like shapes help direct this. The top left is in shadow and perhaps doesn’t achieve the attention it should. One figure faces the opposite direction to the group as a counterpoint to help with balance.

Warm and cool colours are placed near each other in an attempt to make colour patches sing. There’s some glazing of translucent pigments like French ultramarine to unify the area in shadow. Thickness of line varies; it’s graphic in parts and busy. The image isn’t restful but it’s interesting – there’s plenty for the viewer to discover.

Repetition of shapes is evident in the large central yellow patch and inverted off-white patch below; and see the rounded point rocky looking mountain at top right and the smaller yellow shape on the left.

The second large yellow patch helps pull the centre patches to the right of the picture so the image isn’t too centrally focused, despite the strong vertical accentuating the height of the imagined landscape. All this helps to balance the picture. The construction of the image nearly nicely falls into six planes – a centre horizontal with three sections top and bottom, either side of the centre line. It’s not the most creative composition but it suits the purpose of this picture. There’s also a limited acknowledgment of the Golden Mean Ratio.

And I like it!

To summarise: Abstract Expressionism and indeed Art in general can liberate the soul. It satisfies the creative impulse to feed the spirit and sustain the health of the individual. Abstracted Art allows the landscape artist to do more than exhibit a harmonious spatial arrangement of features and feeling. It allows the artist to put into action that total human consciousness to produce something from the soul.

In these times of self-centred existence it is no wonder that Abstract Art and abstract artists like me, are still flourishing.

Bio

Anne Spencer is a Sydney-based artist whose artwork has continued to sell solidly since her first exhibition “Luminosity” in 2005. Her next exhibition “Imagining Landscape” will be at the Janet Clayton Gallery, Paddington https://www.janetclaytongallery.com  in January 2018.